How is pneumatic trail determined?

The position is expected to be behind center of the tire ground contact. The distance between the center of the lateral force area and the center of the tire ground contact is known as pneumatic trail.

What is mechanical trail?

Mechanical trail is the perpendicular distance between the steering axis and the point of contact between the front wheel and the ground. It may also be referred to as normal trail. In each case, its value is equal to the numerator in the expression for trail.

What is tire relaxation length?

Relaxation length is a property of a pneumatic tyre that describes the delay between when a slip angle is introduced and when the cornering force reaches its steady state value. Normally, relaxation length is defined as the rolling distance needed by the tyre to reach 63\% of the steady state lateral force.

What is tire slip angle?

Slip angle This is defined as the angle (degrees) formed between the actual direction of travel of the wheel and the ‘pointing’ direction of the wheel (perpendicular to the axis of rotation). Whenever slip angle is introduced, the contact patch deforms as lateral forces act on the tyre.

What is Caster trail?

Caster trail, also called mechanical trail, geometric trail, or simply trail, is the side view horizontal distance from the ground intercept of the steering axis to the contact patch center. This distance is partly determined by caster angle, which is the side view inclination of the steering axis from vertical.

What is kinematic trail?

kinematic trail = mechanical trail… see here: http://img401.imageshack.us/img401/8188/80069389.jpg. pneumatic trail is the effective trail caused by the tire and I don’t think they ask for that.

What is KPI angle?

On current suspension systems, the kingpin is set at an angle to the vertical plane when viewed from the front or rear of the vehicle. This angle is known as the king pin inclination. The purpose of the KPI is to produce vertical displacement of the vehicle in during steering in an upward direction.

What is trail in suspension?

Castor angle is the inclination of the suspension steer axis when measured in side view. Castor trail (or mechanical trail) is the distance between the tyre contact patch centre and the steer axis intersection with the ground when measured in side view.

How is relaxation length calculated?

Furthermore, the value of the relaxation length, although some authors (Rill, 2006) showed its dependence on normal load and longitudinal slip, is here considered constant in order to obtain a linear system. The steady state value of the tyre torque can be determined as …

What is lateral stiffness?

The lateral stiffness Ks of a story is generally defined as the ratio of story shear to story drift. Conse- quently, the lateral stiffness of a story is not a stationary property, but an apparent one that depends on lateral load distribution.

What is the best slip angle?

Ideally, the slip angle of most vehicles traveling at legal speeds should be approximately 5-10 degrees.

Why are my tires slipping?

If your tires are slipping, one of the first things to check is the tread. Low-tread tires can’t grip the road properly, creating unsafe driving conditions. Worn tires can cause your wheels to slip in wet and dry driving conditions. Your wheels can even slip when you attempt to accelerate.

What is pneumatic trail of the tire?

Bike tire contact patch during a right-hand turn. Pneumatic trail or trail of the tire is a trail -like effect generated by compliant tires rolling on a hard surface and subject to side loads, as in a turn. More technically, it is the distance that the resultant force of side-slip occurs behind the geometric center of the contact patch .

What is pneumatic trail and sat?

Answer Wiki. SAT is the product of lateral force on tire and pneumatic trail. So pneumatic trail is the distance between the steering axis and the actual contact patch of tyre (area of tyre which is in contact with the road). This trail is different than the one which is manually created by introducing caster angle in wheels…

What factors affect pneumatic trail performance?

Vehicle design, including weight and suspension type, also affects pneumatic trail. When tires are well maintained, they should perform well and keep you safe. Maintenance helps tires remain responsive and capable of cornering and turning. Part of that capability is making sure the pneumatic trail does what it should.

Are pneumatic tires safe to drive?

The pneumatic trail on some tires may result in a skid and spin (oversteer) or in drifting (understeer). Vehicle design, including weight and suspension type, also affects pneumatic trail. When tires are well maintained, they should perform well and keep you safe. Maintenance helps tires remain responsive and capable of cornering and turning.