What are the biochemical causes of diabetes?

INTRODUCTION Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a heterogeneous metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycaemia resulting from defective insulin secretion, resistance to insulin action or both (1). Type 1 diabetes is the consequence of an autoim- mune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells, leading to insulin deficiency.

Is diabetes a biochemical disorder?

Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders of carbohydrate metabolism characterized by high blood glucose levels (hyperglycemia) and usually resulting from insufficient production of the hormone insulin (type 1 diabetes) or an ineffective response of cells to insulin (type 2 diabetes).

What is insulin biochemistry?

Insulin is an anabolic hormone that elicits metabolic effects throughout the body. In the pancreas, exocrine tissue known as the islets of Langerhans contain beta cells. Beta cells are responsible for insulin synthesis.

What is biochemistry glucose?

glucose, also called dextrose, one of a group of carbohydrates known as simple sugars (monosaccharides). Glucose (from Greek glykys; “sweet”) has the molecular formula C6H12O6. It is found in fruits and honey and is the major free sugar circulating in the blood of higher animals.

What is the pathophysiology of diabetes?

The pathophysiology of diabetes involves plasm concentrations of glucose signaling the central nervous system to mobilize energy reserves. It is based on cerebral blood flow and tissue integrity, arterial plasma glucose, the speed that plasma glucose concentrations fall, and other available metabolic fuels.

What is the biochemical basis of type 2 diabetes?

DM2 is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia, triggering the abnormal activation of physiological pathways such as glucose autooxidation, polyol’s pathway, formation of advance glycation end (AGE) products, and glycolysis, leading to the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and proinflammatory …

What are the 3 types of diabetes mellitus?

There are three main types of diabetes: type 1, type 2, and gestational diabetes (diabetes while pregnant).

• Type 1 Diabetes. Type 1 diabetes is thought to be caused by an autoimmune reaction (the body attacks itself by mistake) that stops your body from making insulin.
• Type 2 Diabetes.
• Gestational Diabetes.

Why insulin is called hormone abundance?

Insulin is a hormone associated with energy abundance 1. Insulin is secreted when there is great abundance of energy-giving foods in the diet (carbohydrates). 2. It plays an important role in storing the excess energy.

What type of chemical is insulin?

Insulin is a protein composed of two chains, an A chain (with 21 amino acids) and a B chain (with 30 amino acids), which are linked together by sulfur atoms. Insulin is derived from a 74-amino-acid prohormone molecule called proinsulin.

What is a biochemical example?

Glucose is an example of a biochemical compound. The prefix bio- comes from the Greek word that means “life.” A biochemical compound is any carbon-based compound that is found in living things. Biochemical compounds make up the cells and tissues of living things. A: Glucose is synthesized in photosynthesis.

What is fructose formula?

C6H12O6
Fructose/Formula

What is diabetes mellitus (DM)?

Return to The Medical Biochemistry Page Diabetes is any disorder characterized by excessive urine excretion. The most common form of diabetes is diabetes mellitus, a metabolic disorder in which there is an inability to oxidize carbohydrate due to disturbances in insulin function.

What are the causes of hyperglycemia in Type 1 DM?

Polyuria (caused by hyperglycemic), polydipsia (thirst), and polyphagia (increased appetite What are the causes of hyperglycemia in type 1 DM? Increased production (low I/G ratio, liver glycogenolysis, Gluconeogenesis) Decreased clearance (GLUT 4 in muscle and adipose.

What is the pathophysiology of diabetes insipidus?

Dipsogenic diabetes insipidus relates to disturbances in the hypothalamic control of thirst. Gestational diabetes insipidus results from excess maternal production of prostaglandins or it is due to placental synthesis of an enzyme called vasopressinase (leucyl cystinyl aminopeptidase) that results in degradation of vasopressin.

What is bronzebronze diabetes?

Bronze diabetes is the term used to describe the hyperglycemia that is frequent in patients with hemochromatosis. This disease is associated with elevated bilirubin deposition in the skin resulting in the yellowing characteristic of jaundice, hence the bronze term.